They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted (for example, the classification of Eusebius, see also Antilegomena) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all. Dan Brown did not invent it but certainly exploited it and perpetuated it in this generation. A facsimile edition was produced by the Spanish Bible Society: (. The Protestant Bible is the revised and transcripted version of the Christian Bible formulated by the Protestants. No Father got all the books right (and excluded others later decided to be uncanonical) until St. Athanasius in 367, more than 300 years after Christ's death. Protestant Bible contains 66 books in total out of which 39 books are of the old testaments and 27 books from the new testament. Orthodox Bible is always 81, this number is most commonly reached in two different ways (although other ways did and do exist).8 5 Wikipedia, Biblical canon (accessed November 26, 2011) 6 Wikipedia, Biblical canon (accessed November 26, 2011) 7 R. W. Cowley, The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today, in: Ostkirchliche Studien, Our Lord not only affirmed the Jewish canon of the Old Testament, He also promised to give additional revelation to His church through His authorized representativesnamely, the apostles. Likewise, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians[note 4] was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,[95] but is no longer printed in modern editions. [35], The Eastern Churches had, in general, a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making sharp delineations with regard to the canon. Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestants, Apocrypha (not used in all churches or bibles), The Apocrypha is not included in editions of the ESV published by. ), No inc. in some mss as Baruch Chapter 6. The letter had a wider circulation and often appeared separately from the first 77 chapters of the book, which is an apocalypse. Bible, Canon of the. Some differences are minor, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as a commandment to be monogamous, which appears only in the Samaritan version. Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. In some lists, they may simply fall under the title "Jeremiah", while in others, they are divided in various ways into separate books. Pope. [25] Likewise by 200, the Muratorian fragment shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the New Testament, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah (c. 200 AD), the first written compendium of Judaism's oral Law; and the Gemara (c. 500 AD), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh. The spelling and names in both the 16091610 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[94]. [68] The Old Testament books that had been rejected by Luther were later termed "deuterocanonical", not indicating a lesser degree of inspiration, but a later time of final approval. This means that Protestant Bibles have only 39 books in the Old Testament, while Catholic Bibles . [41] All twenty seven books of the common western New Testament are included in this British & Foreign Bible Society's 1905 Peshitta edition. 1. asked Dec 13, 2016 at 5:27. By doing this, he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persists in Christian thought today. The same cannot be said of the Old Testament. With this background, we can now address why the Protestant versions of the Bible have less books than the Catholic versions. The Didache,[note 5] The Shepherd of Hermas,[note 6] and other writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers, were once considered scriptural by various early Church fathers. The synod requested the States-General of the Netherlands to commission it. The Protestant Bible was created during the Reformation, when Protestants broke away from the Catholic Church. Canonical Books of the Holy Scripture, "The Epitome of the Formula of Concord - Book of Concord", "The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today", United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Are 1 and 2 Esdras non-canonical books? Protestant translations into Italian were made by Antonio Brucioli in 1530, by Massimo Teofilo in 1552 and by Giovanni Diodati in 1607. The Roman Catholic Canon as represented in this table reflects the Latin tradition. In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the Council of Trent (1546) affirmed the Vulgate as the official Catholic Bible in order to address changes Martin Luther made in his recently completed German translation which was based on the Hebrew language Tanakh in addition to the original Greek of the component texts. Protestant Bibles have only 39 books in the Old Testament, however, while Catholic Bibles have 46. Number of books. Other New Testament works that are generally considered apocryphal nonetheless appear in some Bibles and manuscripts. 124) and Tgsas (Prov. No. and the first century C.E. For these reasons, nothing can be known with certainty about the contents and sequence of the canon of the Qumrn sectarians. The King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah). The book was not expurgated from the King James Bible (along with the other deuterocanonical books) until the early 19th century. Ethiopic Lamentations consists of eleven chapters, parts of which are considered to be non-canonical. Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. It designates the exclusive collection of documents in the Judeo-Christian tradition that have come to be regarded as Scripture. Protestant Bibles in Russia and Ethiopia usually follow the local Orthodox order for the New Testament. There are numerous citations of Sirach within the Talmud, even though the book was not ultimately accepted into the Hebrew canon. "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in, The Westminster Confession rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha stating that "The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings.". PROPHETS. The Early Church primarily used the Greek Septuagint (or LXX) as its source for the Old Testament. Like Luther, Miles Coverdale placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. Diodati was a Calvinist theologian and he was the first translator of the Bible into Italian from Hebrew and Greek sources. In addition to the Tanakh, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism considers the Talmud (Hebrew: ) to be another central, authoritative text. The bible consists of 73 books in the old testament and 27 books belonging to the new testament. Schneemelcher Wilhelm (ed). It was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. From the first through the fourth centuries and beyond, different church leaders and theologians made arguments about which books belonged in the canon, often casting their opponents as heretics. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ", "Canons & Recensions of the Armenian Bible", "Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Preliminary Observations", "The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles", "The Armenian Canon of the New Testament", The Development of the Canon of the New Testament, Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&oldid=1140636407, No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate), No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 3 Esdras. IVP Academic, 2010, Location 147886 (Kindle Edition). [43], A 2014 study into the Bible in American Life found that of those survey respondents who read the Bible, there was an overwhelming favouring of Protestant translations. "The Abisha Scroll 3,000 Years Old?". [33], Although bibles with an Apocrypha section remain rare in protestant churches,[34] more generally English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular than they were and they may be printed as intertestamental books. The Canon of the Old Testament was set by the time of Jesus. Diodati's version is the reference version for Italian Protestantism. In the case of the Jewish Bible, the canon contains 22 books. . The list of Rejected books, not considered part of the New Testament Canon. On various church councils, (AD 382 in Rome, AD 393 in Hippo, and AD 397 in . In the same passage, Augustine asserted that these dissenting churches should be outweighed by the opinions of "the more numerous and weightier churches", which would include Eastern Churches, the prestige of which Augustine stated moved him to include the Book of Hebrews among the canonical writings, though he had reservation about its authorship. The decrees of the First Vatican Council of 1870 are in accord with this teaching. The English word canon comes from the Greek kann, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick". Books of the Ethiopian Bible features 20 of these books that are not included in the Protestant Bible. In 367 AD, Athanasius the bishop of Alexandria named the 27 books that are currently accepted by Christians, as the authoritative canon of Scripture. [50] When bishops and Councils spoke on the matter of the Biblican canon, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church". origine gravel carbone; cap ptisserie distance cned; thyrode et angoisse permanente Dimensions. [71] The Thirty-Nine Articles, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. 2 Ezra, 3 Ezra, and 3 Maccabees are included in Bibles and have an elevated status within the Armenian scriptural tradition, but are considered "extra-canonical". One of the central events in the development of the Protestant Bible canon was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). [6] Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is simply used as a shorthand for a bible which contains only the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. [49], In a letter (c. 405) to Exsuperius of Toulouse, a Gallic bishop, Pope Innocent I mentioned the sacred books that were already received in the canon. Goff, Philip. "[29], In his Easter letter of 367, Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria gave a list of exactly the same books that would become the New Testament27 bookproto-canon,[30] and used the phrase "being canonized" (kanonizomena) in regard to them. The Decretum pro Jacobitis contains a complete list of the books received by the Catholic Church as inspired, but omits the terms "canon" and "canonical". The famous Muratorian Canon of c.. Others, like Melito, omitted it from the canon altogether. There is a Samaritan Book of Joshua; however, this is a popular chronicle written in Arabic and is not considered to be scripture. Answer (1 of 3): The Old Testament went through a gradual process, as did the New Testament. The order of some books varies among canons. Wycliffe's writings greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech proto-Reformer Jan Hus (c. In Judaism, the canon consists of the books of the Old Testament only. All of these apocrypha are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox Church per the Synod of Jerusalem. James might well have been the first New Testament book written, in about 46 A.D. The word "canon" derives from the Hebrew term qaneh and the Greek term kanon, both of which refer to a measuring rod. Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names. In fact, the ecumenical council of Florence in the mid-1400s reaffirmed their inclusion in the Old Testament canon. [64], In response to Martin Luther's demands, the Council of Trent on 8 April 1546 approved the present Catholic Bible canon, which includes the deuterocanonical books, and the decision was confirmed by an anathema by vote (24 yea, 15 nay, 16 abstain). He wrote down the consensus of a larger group of religious authorities. Now it may be true that Protestants share the same OT canon as Jews today; however, the situation was a little different during the. The Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East both adhere to the Peshitta liturgical tradition, which historically excludes five books of the New Testament Antilegomena: 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation. It seems we can't agree on how many books we should have in the Old Testament. The Prayer of Manasseh is included as part of the. Rabbinic Judaism (Hebrew: ) recognizes the twenty-four books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh (Hebrew: ") or Hebrew Bible. The Belgic Confession[72] and the Westminster Confession named the 39 books in the Old Testament and, apart from the aforementioned New Testament books, expressly rejected the canonicity of any others. "[79] Luther made a parallel statement in calling them: "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, butuseful and good to read. It is not based upon our good works. Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, C.8. "The Canon of Scripture". The Second Helvetic Confession (1562), affirms "both Testaments to be the true Word of God" and appealing to Augustine's De Civitate Dei, it rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha. They are as follows: The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are portions of the greater. Some sources place Zna Ayhud within the "narrower canon". Brecht, Martin. Summary The Catholic canon was set at the Council of Rome (382).[19]. The Lutheran Apocrypha omits from this list 1 & 2 Esdras. The use of the word "canon" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by David Ruhnken, in the 18th century.[1]. ), No - (inc in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 4 Esdras. These include the Prayer of, Though widely regarded as non-canonical, the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to. [4][5][6][7][8][9] According to Marc Zvi Brettler, the Jewish scriptures outside the Torah and the Prophets were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.[10]. Understanding the church. While this likely refers to the account of Isaiah's death within the Lives of the Prophets, it may be a reference to the account of his death found within the first five chapters of the Ascension of Isaiah, which is widely known by this name. Moreover, the book of Proverbs is divided into two booksMessale (Prov. It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew. The sixty-six books of the Bible form the completed canon of Scripture. In 1534, Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. Determining the canon was a process conducted first by Jewish rabbis and scholars and later by early Christians. [4] Many modern Protestant Bibles print only the Old Testament and New Testament;[29] there is a 400-year intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. The first proto-Protestant Bible translation was Wycliffe's Bible, that appeared in the late 14th century in the vernacular Middle English. However, all agree in the view that it is non-canonical. These disputed books are called the deuterocanon (if you're Catholic) and apocrypha (if you're Protestant). Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls have been identified as proto-Samaritan Pentateuch text-type. In Protestant Christianity, the canon is the body of scripture comprised in the Bible consisting of the 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. On the night before His death, Jesus said to His disciples: In the years leading up to the time of Jesus, for . Most Reformation-era translations of the New Testament are based on the Textus Receptus while many translations of the New Testament produced since 1900 rely upon the eclectic and critical Alexandrian text-type. [27], Origen of Alexandria (184/85253/54), an early scholar involved in the codification of the biblical canon, had a thorough education both in Christian theology and in pagan philosophy, but was posthumously condemned at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 since some of his teachings were considered to be heresy. Many denominations recognize deuterocanonical books as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. No other version was favoured by more than 3% of the survey respondents.[50]. The Old Testament books were written well before Jesus' Incarnation, and all of the New Testament books were written by roughly the end of the first century A.D. Of the Old Testament, although William Tyndale translated around half of its books, only the Pentateuch and the Book of Jonah were published. Follow edited Apr 13, 2017 at 12:56. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. "[45] According to Lee Martin McDonald, the Revelation was added to the list in 419. The Great Assembly, also known as the Great Synagogue, was, according to Jewish tradition, an assembly of 120 scribes, sages, and prophets, in the period from the end of the biblical prophets to the time of the development of Rabbinic Judaism, marking a transition from an era of prophets to an era of rabbis. The Third Epistle to the Corinthians always appears as a correspondence; it also includes a short letter from the Corinthians to Paul. For example, the version of the ESV with Apocrypha has been approved as a Catholic bible.[38]. Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Other versions were used by fewer than 10%. [citation needed], Additionally, while the books of Jubilees and Enoch are fairly well known among western scholars, 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan are not. While the narrower canon has indeed been published as one compilation, there may be no real, A translation of the Epistle to the Laodiceans can be accessed online at the, The Third Epistle to the Corinthians can be found as a section within the, Various translations of the Didache can be accessed online at, A translation of the Shepherd of Hermas can be accessed online at the. Some of the books are not listed in this table. Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo. Certain groups of Jews, such as the Karaites, do not accept the Oral Law as it is codified in the Talmud and only consider the Tanakh to be authoritative. Some religious groups today accept the Bible as one of their religious books but they also accept other so-called "revelations from God.". [36], These Old Testament, Apocrypha and New Testament books of the Bible, with their commonly accepted names among the Protestant Churches, are given below. The Orthodox Tewahedo churches recognize these eight additional New Testament books in its broader canon. Improve this question. A revised edition in modern Italian, Nuova Diodati, was published in 1991. Evidence strongly suggests that a Greek manuscript of 4 Ezra once existed; this furthermore implies a Hebrew origin for the text. This could explain why it was address to a Jewish audience in James 1:1, as well as why it seems to support justification by works in James 2:14-24. Martin Luther. Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestant Christians as the protocanonical books) and 27 books of the New Testament, for a total of 66 books. ", https://s3.amazonaws.com/tgc-documents/carson/1997_apocryphal-deuterocanonical_books.pdf, http://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedProjects/lcri/lcri/c_8__lcri.htm, "On Translating the Old Testament: The Achievement of William Tyndale", "Preface to the English Standard Version". "[8] The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among many English-speaking Protestants following a 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The "Letter to the Captives" found within Sqoqaw Eremyasand also known as the sixth chapter of Ethiopic Lamentations. [20] With the help of several collaborators,[21] de Reina produced the Biblia del Oso or Bear Bible, the first complete Bible printed in Spanish based on Hebrew and Greek sources. However, the way in which those books are arranged may vary from tradition to tradition. "[13], The Samaritan Pentateuch's relationship to the Masoretic Text is still disputed. Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). The Hebrew Bible and the Protestant Bible have the same content in the Old Testament, but the organization is different, such as, for example, the Hebrew Bible has one book of Samuel while the Protestant Bible has two. The two versions of the prayer in Latin may be viewed online for comparison at the following website: The "Martyrdom of Isaiah" is prescribed reading to honor the prophet Isaiah within the Armenian Apostolic liturgy. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity. Scripture was Scripture when the pen touched the parchment. Note that "1", "2", or "3" as a leading numeral is normally pronounced in the United States as the ordinal number, thus "First Samuel" for "1 Samuel". For mainstream Pauline Christianity (growing from proto-orthodox Christianity in pre-Nicene times) which books constituted the Christian biblical canons of both the Old and New Testament was generally established by the 5th century, despite some scholarly disagreements,[18] for the ancient undivided Church (the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions, before the EastWest Schism). First printed in 1611, this edition of the Bible was commissioned in 1604 by King James I after feeling political pressure from Puritans and Calvinists demanding church reform and calling for a. The Bear Bible was first published on 28 September 1569, in Basel, Switzerland. [64], Various books that were never canonized by any church, but are known to have existed in antiquity, are similar to the New Testament and often claim apostolic authorship, are known as the New Testament apocrypha. These are works recognized by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as divinely inspired. Answer The word "canon" comes from the rule of law that was used to determine if a book measured up to a standard. It can still be found, however, today in all Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles, along with a handful of Bibles that are considered to be more or less Protestant (e.g. [13] They regard themselves as the true "guardians of the Law." Catholic theologians regard these documents as infallible statements of Catholic doctrine. Some books dropped out of Protestant Bibles in the early 19th century when Bible societies which were founded and supported initially by Protestants began printing Bibles for the masses. The English word canon comes from the Greek kann, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick".The use of the word "canon" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by David Ruhnken, in the 18th century. They are still being honored in some traditions, though they are no longer considered to be canonical. [11] The book of 2 Maccabees, itself not a part of the Jewish canon, describes Nehemiah (c. 400 BC) as having "founded a library and collected books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings" (2:1315). [33] Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. However, this was not just his personal opinion. The old testament consists of 66 books in the old testament and 27 in the new testament. The Reliability of the New Testament Definition The biblical canon is the collection of scriptural books that God has given his corporate people, which are distinguished by their divine qualities, reception by the collective body, and their apostolic connection, either by authorship or association. From Wycliffe to King James (The Period of Challenge) | Bible.org", The ReinaValera Bible: From Dream to Reality, http://www.tbsbibles.org/pdf_information/307-1.pdf, "Why are Protestant and Catholic Bibles different? Eastern Orthodoxy uses the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical booksto use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular. ), No - (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 4 Esdras. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 19851993. No single canon, in fact, has ever been accepted as final by the whole church. However, a degree of uncertainty continues to exist here, and it is certainly possible that the full textincluding the prologue and epilogueappears in Bibles and Biblical manuscripts used by some of these eastern traditions. Community Bot. These include the, Adding to the complexity of the Orthodox Tewahedo Biblical canon, the national epic. 6. The latter was chosen by many. This is because the Protestant Bible has 39 books in the Old Testament, the Catholic Old Testament has 46 (yay more bible!). They lived in a period of about two centuries ending c. 70 AD. The Apocrypha are made up of two groups of writings not included in the Protestant canon of Scripture, the OT apocryphal books, and the NT apocryphal books. The canonization process of the Hebrew Bible is often associated with the Council of Jamnia (Hebrew: Yavneh), around the year 90 C.E. [46][47][48], Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382 (if the Decretum is correctly associated with it) issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above. [15], In the English language, the incomplete Tyndale Bible published in 1525, 1534, and 1536, contained the entire New Testament. Still today, the official, Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven, Though they are not listed in this table, the. Despite many years of wrangling over the OT Apocrypha, the Hebrew canon handed down by the Jews still stands as the Bible known by Jesus and the apostles and therefore is properly . This question illuminates one of those painful intersections between theology and church history: the canonization of Scripture. The Protestant Bible is also one of the bibles of Christians, but it was transformed in 1534 CE when Martin Luther protested against the corruptions practiced in the churches. The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most primary sources for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books. Most of the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament are found in the Syriac, and the Wisdom of Sirach is held to have been translated from the Hebrew and not from the Septuagint. November 8, 2019 at 2:10 p.m. | Updated November 11, 2019 at 3:51 p.m. In some Latin versions, chapter 5 of Lamentations appears separately as the "Prayer of Jeremiah". Viewing the canon as comprising the Old and New Testaments only, Tyndale did not translate any of the Apocrypha. Deuterocanonical is a phrase initially coined in 1566 from the transformed Jew and Catholic theologian Sixtus of Siena to explain scriptural texts of the Old Testament whose canonicity was set for Catholics from the Council of Trent, but that was omitted from early canons, particularly in the East. The canon of the Protestant Bible totals 66 books39 Old Testament (OT) and 27 New Testament (NT); the Catholic Bible numbers 73 books (46 OT, 27 NT), and Greek and Russian Orthodox, 79 (52 OT, 27 NT) (Ethiopian Orthodox, 8154 OT, 27 NT). [2] Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a section known as the Apocrypha (though these are not considered canonical) bringing the total to 80 books. Earlier Spanish translations, such as the 13th-century Alfonsina Bible, translated from Jerome's Vulgate, had been copied by hand. In the historically Protestant United Kingdom we are accustomed to an Old Testament comprising the 39 books which are regarded as Holy Scripture by Orthodox Judaism (although Orthodox Judaism counts these differently, numbering 24 books).. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church has an Old Testament which is longer by some twelve additional books or . All of the major Christian traditions accept the books of the Hebrew protocanon in its entirety as divinely inspired and authoritative, in various ways and degrees. Origen's canon included all of the books in the current New Testament canon except for four books: James, 2nd Peter, and the 2nd and 3rd epistles of John. They reasoned that by not printing the secondary material of Apocrypha within the Bible, the scriptures would prove to be less costly to produce.
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